{"id":108890,"date":"2010-03-30T18:11:46","date_gmt":"2010-03-30T16:11:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/algazi-leon-1890-1971\/"},"modified":"2024-02-07T10:59:27","modified_gmt":"2024-02-07T09:59:27","slug":"algazi-leon-1890-1971","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/en\/algazi-leon-1890-1971\/","title":{"rendered":"Algazi, L\u00e9on (1890-1971)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>by Herv\u00e9 Roten<\/strong><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_108890_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">This article is dedicated to the memory of Jacques Algazi, who passed away on March 1, 2021, 50 years to the day after his father&#8217;s death, and to B\u00e9atrice Algazi, his daughter, who kindly&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_1');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_108890_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Son of Eliaquim Algazi and Visa Danon Tuvim, L\u00e9on Yehuda Algazi was born in Epuresti (Romania) on February 6, 1890, as indicated on his military record book<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_108890_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">There is some doubt as to the exact date of L\u00e9on Algazi&#8217;s birth. His rabbinical diploma states February 13, 1890, but according to his son Jacques, February 11 was also sometimes mentioned in&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_2');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_108890_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. At the age of 11, he began teaching children younger than himself, as his family was very poor and had to emigrate to Bucharest. His father, who had been the director of a traveling theater troupe, became a grocer, but ended up going bankrupt by giving credit to poor peasants.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_108827\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-108827\" style=\"width: 179px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108827 \" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/Leon-Algazi-enfant-avec-sa-mere-et-ses-2-soeurs-vers-1900_redim-e1707150845320.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"179\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/Leon-Algazi-enfant-avec-sa-mere-et-ses-2-soeurs-vers-1900_redim-e1707150845320.jpg 323w, https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/Leon-Algazi-enfant-avec-sa-mere-et-ses-2-soeurs-vers-1900_redim-e1707150845320-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 179px) 100vw, 179px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-108827\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>L\u00e9on Algazi as a child with his mother and sisters, circa 1900<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>L\u00e9on Algazi showed an early aptitude for music. At the age of 5, gypsies carved his first violin out of a fir plank. Later, in Bucharest, he conducted his high school choir. In 1905, aged just 15, he set off for Jerusalem, making part of the journey on a donkey, to meet up with one of his mother&#8217;s uncles who was head of the Sephardic community. In the Holy City, L\u00e9on Algazi studied rabbinical studies for about a year and a half, before entering the S\u00e9minaire isra\u00e9lite de France on rue Vauquelin in Paris in 1908 to complete his theological studies. He remained there until August 4, 1914, when he enlisted as a volunteer nurse in the French army.<\/p>\n<p>In 1919, having graduated from rabbinical school, Algazi went to Bucharest to take up a ministry. But the city&#8217;s chief rabbi, seeing him as a dangerous competitor, blocked his plans. On June 10, 1920, he founded the daily <em>Lupt\u00e4torul<\/em> (&#8220;The Wrestler&#8221;), of which he was chief editor. The socialist-leaning paper was poorly received by the government, which finally banned it a year later. L\u00e9on Algazi went into exile in Vienna to study music with Arnold Sch\u00f6nberg, alongside Hanns Eisler and Karl Rankl, among others, and conducted the orchestra of the Vienna Jewish Theatre. But the establishment went bankrupt, and Algazi returned to Paris in 1923. There he met <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/en\/halphen-alice-1878-1963\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alice Halphen<\/a>, widow of the composer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/en\/halphen-fernand-1872-1917\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fernand Halphen<\/a> (1872-1917). This exceptional woman, who supported him throughout his career, introduced him to Andr\u00e9 G\u00e9dalge, who accepted him into his counterpoint and fugue class at the Conservatoire national de musique, where he rubbed shoulders with Darius Milhaud. After his mentor&#8217;s death in 1926, he continued his studies with Raoul Laparra and Charles Koechelin.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_108839\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-108839\" style=\"width: 698px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108839\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/Leon-Algazi-au-centre-avec-la-barbe-a-sa-droit-Darius-Milhaud-dans-la-classe-de-Gedalge-vers-1924-1-300x125.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"698\" height=\"291\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/Leon-Algazi-au-centre-avec-la-barbe-a-sa-droit-Darius-Milhaud-dans-la-classe-de-Gedalge-vers-1924-1-300x125.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/Leon-Algazi-au-centre-avec-la-barbe-a-sa-droit-Darius-Milhaud-dans-la-classe-de-Gedalge-vers-1924-1.jpg 579w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-108839\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>In the G\u00e9dalge Classroom, circa 1924<\/strong> &#8211; L\u00e9on Algazi center, with beard; on his right, Darius Milhaud.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_45322\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-45322\" style=\"width: 182px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-45322\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/3_chansons_populaires_juives_Algazi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"182\" height=\"240\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-45322\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Trois chansons populaires juives, 1925<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Fascinated by folklore <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_108890_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Algazi was in contact with his compatriot, the Romanian ethnomusicologist Constantin Br\u0103iloiu, and closely followed the work of Abraham Zvi Idelsohn, the Father of Jewish musicology<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_108890_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, in 1925 he published <em>Trois chansons populaires juives<\/em> (Max Eschig et Cie, Paris) with French lyrics by Edmond Fleg. In 1928, he wrote the incidental music for the <em>Dibbouk<\/em> for the Gaston Baty company. In 1929, he created the first weekly Jewish radio program, &#8220;La voix d&#8217;Isra\u00ebl&#8221;, which he hosted &#8211; except during the war years &#8211; until 1971. The program, which in 1948 took the name &#8220;\u00c9coute Isra\u00ebl&#8221;, would be taken over by Victor Malka after his death.<\/p>\n<p>In the early 1930s, L\u00e9on Algazi, with Vladimir Dyck, directed the &#8220;Mizmor&#8221; collection of Hebrew music published by Salabert. In 1933, he founded the Mizmor Choir, where he met his wife, Tatiana Kaganoff, whom he married on August 11 of that year. They had two children: Jacques Eliaquim Joseph Algazi, on September 25, 1934, and Ir\u00e8ne Vida Frad\u00e9 Algazi, on October 6, 1938.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_108852\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-108852\" style=\"width: 180px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108852\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/Partition-de-Algazi_Chants-juifs-du-film-David-Golder-1931-180x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"180\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/Partition-de-Algazi_Chants-juifs-du-film-David-Golder-1931-180x300.jpg 180w, https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/Partition-de-Algazi_Chants-juifs-du-film-David-Golder-1931.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 180px) 100vw, 180px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-108852\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Chants juifs from the film David Golder, 1931<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Algazi&#8217;s musicological publications, his lectures and the concerts he conducted all drew attention to him. In 1936, he was appointed Professor of History as well as of Theory of Hebrew Music at the Schola Cantorum, and Professor of Liturgical Music at the \u00c9cole Rabbinique de France. In 1937, with the support of composer Darius Milhaud, he became head of choirs at the Grande Synagogue de la Victoire and director of musical services at the Consistoire Isra\u00e9lite de Paris.<\/p>\n<p>During the war, the Algazis fled to Lyon, <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_108890_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">where L\u00e9on Algazi founded the Bureau d&#8217;\u00c9tudes Juives, an organization of some fifty Jewish intellectuals who wrote historical, economic, philosophical and literary works on Judaism and its&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_4');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_108890_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, before crossing into Switzerland on August 9, 1943. They found refuge in Fribourg, in a boarding house run by Franciscan nuns. L\u00e9on Algazi gives lectures on Jewish music and spirituality in various Swiss towns. He played the congregation&#8217;s harmonium until 1945.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_108812\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-108812\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108812 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Leon-Algazi-au-piano-1957_500px-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Leon-Algazi-au-piano-1957_500px-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Leon-Algazi-au-piano-1957_500px.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-108812\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>L\u00e9on Algazi at the piano, 1957<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>After the war, L\u00e9on Algazi returned to Paris and resumed his activities. As a journalist, radio producer, choral conductor, composer, music publisher, president of the Syndicat national des chefs d&#8217;orchestre pour la musique religieuse, teacher and director of the \u00c9cole isra\u00e9lite de p\u00e9dagogie et de liturgie at the S\u00e9minaire isra\u00e9lite de France, he was bursting with energy and projects. A tireless worker, he wrote numerous articles on music and played an active role in building the Amiti\u00e9 jud\u00e9o-chr\u00e9tienne alongside Jules Isaac and Edmond Fleg. With Edmond Fleg, L\u00e9on Pougatch and Jean Halp\u00e9rin, he created the first Colloque des Intellectuels juifs de langue fran\u00e7aise, on May 24, 1957. Finally, he convened the first International Congress of Jewish Music in Paris from November 4 to 13, 1957.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_45327\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-45327\" style=\"width: 337px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-45327\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/Leon_algazi_1er_rang_au_centre.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"247\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-45327\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Premier congr\u00e8s international de musique juive, Paris nov 1957<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Appointed Director of Music for the Consistorial Temples in 1961, L\u00e9on Algazi died on Monday March 1, 1971, after suffering a ruptured aortic aneurysm, while preparing a radio broadcast on Paul Claudel, scheduled for the following Sunday.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e9on Algazi left to posterity a protean and still too little-known body of work: among his liturgical and folkloric compositions thee are the <em>Service sacr\u00e9<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_108890_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Service sacr\u00e9 was commissioned by Temple Emanu-El in New York. The author himself conducted the first performance in March 1952. The French premiere took place at Salle Gaveau on March 21, 1955,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_108890_1('footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_5');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_108890_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> orchestral suites (<em>Suite hassidique<\/em>, 1948), psalms and other synagogue music, harmonizations of traditional songs (<em>Trois chansons populaires juives<\/em>, 1925 ;<em> Trois chants traditionnels h\u00e9bra\u00efques<\/em>, 1929; <em>Quatre m\u00e9lodies jud\u00e9o-espagnoles<\/em>, 1945), and, more anecdotally, music for film (<em>David Golder<\/em>, 1931) or theater (<em>Le Dibbouk<\/em>, 1928; <em>Joe et Compagnie<\/em>, 1930; <em>Ma\u00eetre apr\u00e8s Dieu<\/em>, 1948; <em>Athalie<\/em>, 1955). Of Sephardic origin, L\u00e9on Algazi also collected Judeo-Spanish songs, collected in an anthology (<em>Chants s\u00e9phardis<\/em>, London, 1958).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3257\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3257\" style=\"width: 576px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3257\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/baguette_chef_d_orchestre_de_leon_algazidef.jpg\" alt=\"baguette_chef_d_orchestre_de_leon_algazidef.jpg\" width=\"576\" height=\"178\" align=\"center\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3257\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>L\u00e9on Algazi\u2019s conducting baton<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/en\/leon-algazi-1890-1971-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Listen to the playlist : The music of L\u00e9on Algazi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/en\/fonds-leon-algazi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Consult the description of the L\u00e9on Algazi archives<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.rachelnet.net\/F\/?func=find-c&amp;ccl_term=WRD+%3D+Algazi+AND+WRD+%3D+L%C3%A9on+NOT+WRD+%3D+Isaac&amp;local_base=iemcg\">Browse our archives on L\u00e9on Algazi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/en\/leon-algazi-1890-1971-un-pionnier-des-musiques-juives-en-france\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watch the video : L\u00e9on Algazi (1890-1971), a Jewish music pioneer in France<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video aligncenter\"><video height=\"576\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 720 \/ 576;\" width=\"720\" controls poster=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/Et-voici.png\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/03\/V_193_video_famille-Algazi.m4v\"><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Colored silent film about the L\u00e9on Algazi family<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_108890_1();\">&#x202F;<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_108890_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_108890_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_108890_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_108890_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\">1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">This article is dedicated to the memory of Jacques Algazi, who passed away on March 1, 2021, 50 years to the day after his father&#8217;s death, and to B\u00e9atrice Algazi, his daughter, who kindly provided me with many of the elements I used to write this tribute.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_108890_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\">2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">There is some doubt as to the exact date of L\u00e9on Algazi&#8217;s birth. His rabbinical diploma states February 13, 1890, but according to his son Jacques, February 11 was also sometimes mentioned in his family.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_108890_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\">3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Algazi was in contact with his compatriot, the Romanian ethnomusicologist Constantin Br\u0103iloiu, and closely followed the work of Abraham Zvi Idelsohn, the Father of Jewish musicology<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_108890_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\">4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">where L\u00e9on Algazi founded the Bureau d&#8217;\u00c9tudes Juives, an organization of some fifty Jewish intellectuals who wrote historical, economic, philosophical and literary works on Judaism and its contribution to French society. Catholics and Protestants also took part in the bureau&#8217;s work<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_108890_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_108890_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_108890_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\">5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The <em>Service sacr\u00e9<\/em> was commissioned by Temple Emanu-El in New York. The author himself conducted the first performance in March 1952. The French premiere took place at Salle Gaveau on March 21, 1955, again conducted by Algazi.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_108890_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_108890_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_108890_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_108890_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_108890_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_108890_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_108890_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_108890_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_108890_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_108890_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_108890_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_108890_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if 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